
Present-day Turkey
was created in 1923 from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire.
Soon thereafter, the country instituted secular laws to replace
traditional religious fiats. In 1945 Turkey joined the UN, and
in 1952 it became a member of NATO. Turkey intervened militarily
on Cyprus in 1974 to protect Turkish Cypriots and prevent a Greek
takeover of the island; the northern 37 percent of the island remains
under Turkish Cypriot control. Relations between the two countries
remain strained, but have begun to improve over the past few years.
In 1984, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-Leninist,
separatist group, initiated an insurgency in southeast Turkey,
often using terrorist tactics to try to attain its goal of an independent
Kurdistan. The group - whose leader, Abdullah Ocalan, was
captured in Kenya in February 1999 - has observed a unilateral
cease-fire
since September 1999, although there have been occasional clashes
between Turkish military units and some of the 4,000-5,000 armed
PKK militants, most of whom currently are encamped in northern
Iraq. The PKK changed its name to the Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy
Congress (Kadek) in April 2002.. LOCATION:
Southeastern
Europe and southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of
the Bosporus is geographically
part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and
Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea,
between Greece and Syria CLIMATE: Temperate;
hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior BORDERS:
Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km,
Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq
352 km, Syria 822 km